Introduction Empowering individuals Working together Operating sustainably Governance and engagement Appendix 2023 Environmental Repo爀琀 introduce and implement operational policies over an Methodology asset, and we repo爀琀 all energy and emissions for Alphabet Repo爀琀ing approach and Inc. and its subsidiaries’ data centers, o昀케ces, and other assets under our operational control (“Global Facilities”). methodology The below methodologies apply to our GHG emissions, In September 2022, Google acquired Mandiant, and as well as ce爀琀ain other carbon, energy, and water metrics Mandiant’s emissions are included in our organizational as presented in our Environmental data tables, focused boundary for 昀椀scal year 2022. primarily on those where we have obtained third-pa爀琀y limited assurance. These metrics have been rounded as As we improve our methodologies and as new information Our Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions include four of the described below. Due to rounding applied to all repo爀琀ed becomes available, we may continue to revise our estimates Repo爀琀 scope seven GHGs addressed by the Kyoto Protocol—carbon years of data in our 2023 Environmental Repo爀琀, some of and assumptions. Methodology changes may include dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), and our repo爀琀ed values for prior years don’t directly match 2 4 2 changes in a calculation, improvements in the quality of This repo爀琀 includes data covering our 昀椀scal year hydro昀氀uorocarbons (HFCs). Other GHGs, including the related Independent Accountants’ Review Repo爀琀s data, new activity types for greater data granularity, and January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. Most of pe爀昀luorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexa昀氀uoride (SF ), and from those years. 6 updates to available supplier-repo爀琀ed data. Such updates our environmental data covers Alphabet Inc. and its nitrogen tri昀氀uoride (NF ), aren’t included in our inventory, 3 may result in material changes to our calculations and may subsidiaries, the largest of which is Google. All repo爀琀ed as they’re not emi琀琀ed as a result of our operations. also result in adjustments made to the current and previous data is global and annual unless otherwise speci昀椀ed. Greenhouse gas Fu爀琀her, in 2022, CO alone represented over 98% of our 2 periods, including our base year. Where material, we’ve total Scope 1 and Scope 2 market-based emissions. We disclosed these changes and whether previous periods emissions conve爀琀 all emissions to metric tons of carbon dioxide Data have been adjusted to re昀氀ect these updates. equivalent (tCO e) for repo爀琀ing. All repo爀琀ed values are 2 rounded to the nearest hundred, unless otherwise noted. measurement GHG emissions repo爀琀ing Assurance standards We source the global warming potentials (GWP) for each and unce爀琀ainty GHG from the IPCC Fou爀琀h Assessment Repo爀琀, Appendix GHG emissions are calculated according to the We obtain limited third-pa爀琀y assurance from an A: Global Warming Potentials. Greenhouse Gas Protocol standards and guidance independent auditor for ce爀琀ain environmental data, All repo爀琀ed values represent the best data available at time developed by the WRI and the WBCSD, including A including select GHG emissions, energy, and water of publication. Where actual data isn’t available, we may use Scope 1 GHG emissions metrics as indicated in our Environmental data tables Corporate Accounting and Repo爀琀ing Standard (Revised estimates. We base our estimates and methodologies on Edition), Scope 2 Guidance, and Technical Guidance below. Ernst & Young LLP reviewed these metrics for the historical experience, available information, and on various Scope 1 GHG emissions are direct emissions from sources for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (collectively, “the 昀椀scal year ended December 31, 2022. For more details, other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. such as company vehicles or generators at our o昀케ces Greenhouse Gas Protocol”). see our 2022 Independent Accountants’ Review Repo爀琀. and data centers. They represent direct emissions from All environmental data found in this repo爀琀 is subject to owned Global Facilities, including fuel use from back-up Prior to 昀椀scal year 2019, another third pa爀琀y veri昀椀ed the measurement unce爀琀ainties resulting from limitations generators, fuel consumption from our operated vehicles Our inventory following emissions: Scope 1, Scope 2 (market-based), inherent in the nature and the methods used for and aircra昀琀, methane and nitrous oxide from biogenic Scope 2 (location-based), Scope 3 (business travel determining such data. The selection of di昀昀erent but fuel sources, natural gas usage, and refrigerant leakage. We use the operational control approach to de昀椀ne our and employee commuting), and biogenic. For more acceptable measurement techniques can result in Where actual data isn’t available, estimated natural gas organizational boundary, which means that we account for information, see our prior annual Environmental Repo爀琀s. materially di昀昀erent measurements. The precision of consumption is calculated using square footage of Global all emissions from operations over which we have control. di昀昀erent measurement techniques may also vary. Facilities and internally-developed natural gas intensity We de昀椀ne operational control as having the authority to 86